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Map
of Yangtze |
Map
of Three Georges |
The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River are known as “the natural art gallery” due to their beautiful scenery. They extend from Baidicheng (White King Town) in Fengjie County, Chongqing City to Nanjinguan Pass in Yichang City, Hubei Province. All together they are 193 kilometers long. Each gorge has its specific features. Qutang Gorge is noted for its steep crags on both sides of the river; Wuxia Gorge is famous for its elegant fog shrouded mountain peaks; Xiling Gorge is known for its numerous shoals and torrents. QutangGorge
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Qutang
Gorge |
Kuimen |
extends from Baidicheng in the west to Daxizhen in the east. It is the shortest gorge just with 8 kilometers but it is the most magnificent one of the Three Gorges. Qutang Gorge is the gate on Yangtze River to control the east part of Sichuna Province and west part of Hubei Province. With over hanging precipices rising vertically on both sides, the gorge is like a narrow corridor. The narrow water surface is less than 150meters. At the entrance stand two perpendicular cliffs facing each other, this is much like two giant gates. The roaring water is forced in between, which is like the horses stampeding. The fearsome waterway is really spectacular. On the north bank of the gorge stands Chijia Mountain which looks crimson. On the south bank stands Baiyan Mountain which looks grayish white. The two mountains present a sharp color contrast, which offers marvelous view. Baidicheng is a famous ancient town which can date back to 2,000years ago. On the cliff of Qutang Gorge you can see the Ancient Plank Road which was built in the Qing Dynasty. Fengxiangxia (Bellows) Gorge was placed with coffins of the ancient people of Ba Tribe. The grotesque stones on the cliffs are also very impressive. One huge stalactite around 20 meters high which is like a phoenix thus it is called “phoenix drinking spring”. The legendary Mengliang Staircases and the rock of “Monk Hanging by His Feet” are also pleasing your eyes.
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Wu
Gorge |
Shennu
Peak |
Wuxia Gorge is the most mysterious gorge.
It stretches from Daning River estuary to Guandukou in Badong County of
Hubei Province. It is 44 km long. On both sides of the gorge are craggy
peaks. The gorge is zigzag which forms a meandering scenic gallery. The
famous and mysterious mountain peaks always arouse people’s imaginations.
Six peaks line the north bank namely Shengquan, Jixian, Songluan, Shennu,
Zhaoyun and Denglong. The other six are on the south bank, three of them
are visible namely Juhe, Cuiping and Felong.
Jingtan, Qiyun and Shangsheng are hidden behind. The peaks are always
wreathed by mist. According to the legendary stories, the 12 peaks were
transformed by 12 nymphs. The Goddess Peak was transformed by the youngest
daughter of the Queen Mother of Western Heaven. She stayed there to protect
the boats through the gorge. There is a small stone pillar standing aside
the peak, which looks like a silhouette of a beautiful girl viewing the
river. It is the first to greet the sun and the last to bid farewell.
When it is wreathed in the mist and rain she becomes much more attractive
with the thin gauze on her body.
Daning River is one tributary of Yangtze River. It joins Yangtze River
at Wuxia Gorge. It also has many shoals and whirling pools, with precipitous
mountains on both sides the scenery is like a landscape painting. In many
ways it is like the Three Gorges thus it gets its name the Lesser Three
Gorges.
Xiling Gorge is from Xiangxi to Nanjinguan
Pass. It is around 80 kilometers long. This gorge is famous for its numerous
hidden rocks and dangerous shoals such as Blue Shoal, the Discharge Shoal
and Kongling Shoal. The gorge of the Sword and Book on Art of War is at
the western part of Xiling Gorge. It was said that the prime Minister
Zhuge Liang of the Shu State during the Three Kingdoms Period(220-280AD)
who stored the grain and the book on art of war there. The Cow’s Liver
and Horse’s Lung Gorge is name for the several pieces of yellow stone
slabs which look like the cow’s liver and horse’s lung. On the bank of
Kongling Gorge stand some rocks which look like a person leading an ox.
The Shadow Play Gorge is situated on the south bank of Xiling Gorge, the
four rocks sticking into the sky, which are like the images of four characters
in the Chinese mythical novel “Pilgrimage to the West”. When viewed from
distance, Monkey, Piggy, Sandy and the Buddhist Monk silhouetted against
the setting sun, which are like a shadow play. Therefore it was called
the Shadow Play Gorge.
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Xiling
Gorge |
Xiling
Gorge |
A side trip west from the Three Gorges
can be taken to Shibaozhai (Precious Stone Village), which is a huge rock
over 30 meters high. It was said the rock was left by Nuwa who melt stones
to repair the sky. It is also called Jade Seal Hill due to its shape.
On top the hill is a temple which was built in the Qing Dynasty. There
is a 12 storey pagoda which contains stairs leading up to the hill. You
can climb to the top to have a panoramic view of the Yangtze River.
Baidicheng (White King City) is also popular, which locates in the east
of Fengjie City. The name originated from Gongsun Shu, a magistrate in
the Western Han Dynasty. When he built the city he found a well which
emitted white vapor, which he associated with the flying of a white dragon.
Later on he named himself the White King. Thus the city got its name White
King Town. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Liubei, King of the Shu State
was at war with Kingdom of Wu. After being defeated, he withdrew his tropes
to this town. Later he died of great despair. On his sickbed he entrusted
his minister Zhuge Liang to take care of his son Liu Shan. This story
was well known by Chinese people.
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White
king City |
Precious
stone Village |
Fengdu (Ghost City), which is also called
“Abode of Ghosts”. Legends said” the dead come to Fendu and the devils
go to hell.” In the Tang Dynasty a lot of temples were built there such
as the Palace of Hell, Boundary of the living and dead, Bridge of Helplessness,
Ghost Torture Pass and etc. It is very exciting and a little bit horrified
to tour the ghost city. Some attractions are very popular.
Bridge of Helplessness is a three-arched marble bridge. According to superstitious
stories, ghost of the dead who could stride across the bridge in three
steps was considered as a virtuous man when he was alive while those who
could not were considered villains. They would drop down into the river
below, and would forever be deprived of choosing a new life. Ghost Torture
Pass is the last test before entry to the nether world. Temples display
instruments of torture and horrible demon images.
Generally speaking, the three Gorges Cruise Tour sometimes includes sightseeing
in ChongQing and Wuhan. In Chongqing you can visit the Stillwell Museum
or go to see the Stone Carving of Dazu. In Wuhan you will see the Yellow
Crane Tower. Some tourists even go to see Chengdu where there are many
tourist attractions such as Emei Mountain, the Zoo and Leshan Buddha Statue.
The Three Gorges Project
From Dr. Sun Yat-sen to Chairman Mao China’s leaders were longing for
exploiting the Three Gorges. In order to realize this dream, several generations
of hydropower workers diligently surveyed the land and deliberately did
the research and designs on the subjects of hydrological and geological
conditions, the location of the dam, the settlement of the local people
and sludge-removing, etc. At last “the Resolution on the Construction
of the Three Gorges Project” was approved by the fifth conference of the
Seventh National People’s Congress on April 3rd, 1992.
The whole project will experience three periods with 17 years (1992-2009).
It is the largest water conservancy project ever built in China, and so
in the world. The total investment will exceed 25billion USD. Chinese
government will relocate around 1 million people. It is the largest project
of 20th century.
The Big Dam
The dam site is situated at Sandouping of yichang City, Hubei Province,
about 40 km upstream from the existing Gezhouba Project. It has the normal
pool level (NPL) at 175 m, the total storage capacity of the reservoir
is 39.3 billion m3. The dam is of a concrete gravity type. The total length
of the dam axis is 2, 309 meters and with the height of elevation of 185meters.
On the bottom it is 124 meters wide, on the top it is 15 meters wide.
TGP mainly consists of the big dam, power plants, navigation facilities
(permanent ship lock), and spillway dam.
Benefits of the Three Gorges Project
TGP is a multi-purpose hydro-development project producing comprehensive
benefits mainly in flood control, power generation and navigation improvement.
Flood Control
TGP is the most important project functioning as a backbone in the flood
control system to protect the area in the middle and lower reaches of
the Yangtze River. Its favorable geographical location makes it possible
to effectively control the huge flood water from the upstream of the Yangtze.
With a 22.15 billion m3 of flood control storage capacity of the reservoir,
the flood control capability of the Jingjiang River section, the most
critical section in flood control, would be able to be improve from the
present 10--year frequency flood to the 100--year. And so would it create
favorable conditions for a thorough rehabilitation and improvement of
the Dongting Lake area. Under the protection of the dam, 23million farming
land, 15 million people’s lives and the Jingguang, Jingjiu Railway will
be safe.
Power Generation
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The
Three Gorges Big Dam |
Being provided with a total installation of generating capacity of 18,
200 MW, and with an average annual output of 84.68 billion Kilowatt hours,
TGP will supply a large proportion of its electricity to East China, Central
China and a small proportion to the east Sichuan province and Chongqing
Municipality. This means a replacement of 40 to 50 million tons of raw
coal combustion each year. And this reliable, cheap and renewable energy
will play a very important role in the development of economy and the
prevention of environmental pollution.
Navigation Improvement
The 660km long waterway from Yichang City to Chongqing Municipality will
obviously be improved after the completion of the TGP reservoir, making
it possible for 10, 000 tons of barge fleet to sail upstream directly
to the harbor of Chongqing. Thus, an increase of annual one-way navigation
capacity from present 10 million tons to 50 million tons, and a decrease
of the navigation cost from 35 % to 37 % will be reached. With the regulation
of the reservoir, the minimum flow downstream of Yichang in the dry season
will be increased from the present 3,000 m3/s to over 5, 000 m3/s, which
will obviously improve the navigation condition in the dry season in the
middle reaches of the Yangtze River.
Other Functions
The project will, for certain, promote the development of fishery in the
reservoir, tourism and recreational activities. It will evidently improve
the water quality of the middle and lower reaches of the river during
the dry season and create favorable conditions for the South-to-North
Water Transfer.
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